New World Class Of Research Serious Colleges - 1556 Words

Our college was established very nearly a hundred years back in the repercussions of the Great War. The men and ladies who assembled this new organization trusted that it would be not just a living dedication to the haziness of their later past, yet an encouraging sign for what s to come. Their point was that gives up made in war ought to be recognized through instruction and research that would improve the world. We are conveying this desire. We have dispatched another vital arrangement, which sets out our vision to pioneer a particular new world class of research-serious colleges. Investigate the Strategic Plan website pages to discover how we mean. ut vitam habeant, with the goal that they may have life Our values mirror our saying. To do equity to the trusts and the desires of those on whose shoulders we now stand, we endeavor to have any kind of effect in everything that we do. Today our University is a vivacious, fiery and worldwide group, in which devoted and skilled individuals are reckoning, working towards and molding what s to come. We are submitted both to undertaking look into that spares, enhances and advances lives, and to cultivating an educating and learning environment that changes the possibilities of our understudies and those they will go ahead to impact. Get some answers concerning some of our most noteworthy revelations. We imagine being a University which is interested in ability, not benefit and available to everybody with theShow MoreRelatedQualitative Reflection1032 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy takes a closer look at those traits and characteristics to analyze how you are perceived through the eyes of another. Statement of Purpose The research project conducted uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data, analyze, then interpret how an individual is perceived in society. To evaluate the qualitative research the addition of a literature review to aid the depth of understanding about audience responses was used. However, the experiment’s qualitative themedRead MoreThe Plight Of Young Males895 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed in a recent essay by Saul Kaplan â€Å"The Plight of Young Males†, there is a serious academic gender achievement gap in the United States and as I will discuss, around the world. Young women are doing significantly better than young men, and the results are shocking. In the latest census, males make up 51 percent of the total U.S. population between the ages of 18-24. Yet only 40 percent of today’s college students are men. Since 1982, more American women than men have received bachelor’sRead MorePlagiarism And Why It Is Conside red Wrong1550 Words   |  7 Pageswith strong recognition. It is considered human nature for students in the modern day to turn to readily available sources to aid their work. However, they do not understand the concept of plagiarism and why it is considered wrong in the educational world. To build upon this essay, we need to first understand what plagiarism exactly is. Plagiarism is well-defined as making use of the language and viewpoints of another source as an individual s own either on purpose or accidentally, and is thereforeRead MoreSexual Assault Prevention Seminar For College Students Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesLisa Goodman, Lorraine Radtke, and Charleen Seen have focused much of their work on researching violence against women. The main focus will be women suffering from domestic violence and its effect as well as sexual assault prevention seminar for college students and its impact. Victims of intimate partner violence and rape exhibit a variety of psychological symptoms that are equivalent to other forms of trauma (ex. war and natural disasters). Experiencing trauma related to violence, victims experienceRead MoreA Study On A Business Management1470 Words   |  6 Pagescurriculum to help fine tune and perfect a blooming business mind. I began college unsure of what path to follow. I walked through the doors of Francis Marion University, my first college, with little expectations and countless queries as to what my first year of college would hold. The first year was more of an eye-opener than a truly enlightening experience. I slowly began to understand that college was much more serious than my previous time spent in high school. The papers were longer, the materialRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On College Students1133 Words   |  5 Pagesshould. When he attended Harvard University, he was a cunning college student who hacked into the universities co mputer system. He stole information about students who currently attended the university such as photos and ID information. As a result of his illegal endeavors, he created a website called Facemash and encouraged site visitors to rate people participating in the website as â€Å"hot or not.† This was his first effort at advancing the world in social media. His second effort was creating a studyRead MoreTextbooks And The Cost Of Textbooks Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesyearly schools will only have to pay for the Wi-Fi cost, new devices that were damaged, and the fee of the students that have online textbooks. Textbooks do not have to rely on Wi-Fi to be able to function properly. This is a positive factor to having textbooks in classrooms, is being capable of still complete classwork without having to depend on the Wi-Fi to operate correctly. There are downfalls to relying on Wi-Fi to finish documents, research, and homework assignments for classes. Students may notRead MoreHelicopter Parents Should Be A Serious Issue1185 Words   |  5 Pageschildren. Additionally, some of them compel their children to make decisions based on what the parents want, believing that children are not mature enough and that it is the shortcut for their children to succeed. Whether helicopter parents should be a serious issue has raised a wide of variety of debate in society. In my viewpoint, helicopter parents have become a severe problem nowadays. The first reason is that parents are more apt to intervene in their children’s lives than before due to circumstanceRead MoreThe Future of College Educatio n1566 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket is that well-paying blue collar jobs have rapidly become a thing of the past. To ensure financial stability and career development a college degree is now a necessity rather than an advantage. Statistics show that more high school students are entering college than ever before. The National Center for Education Statistics showed enrollment in colleges increasing 11% from 1990 to 2000 and then an incredible 37% between 2000 and 2010 (Digest of education, 2012, Chapter 4). They are leavingRead MoreThe Passion Of Reading And Writing1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Passion of Reading and Writing in College In the eyes of students, reading and writing seems to be a whole new world as they approach the semester in college. It seems as if students never worked with writing or reading in their years at high school. Should we consider college a new beginning in the lives of students? Is it a whole new world for them? Did high school really prepared students for college? To the eyes of everyone, education is a must to do in the lives of teenagers, but does it

Direct an act from Hamlet Free Essays

I have selected Act 1 of Hamlet for my project. I do not wish to change any details in the original script itself but I would be approaching the script as a screenplay for a movie as I think that popular culture would benefit greatly from this Shakespearean classic. This means that my target audience would mainly be today’s youth. We will write a custom essay sample on Direct an act from Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now My approach would be somewhat similar to Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet in 1996 which starred Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes. The main difference is that I would like preserve another facet of Shakespeare’s old plays as they were performed during his time, and that is to have all the parts played by men. I believe that this would add novelty to the movie as this has yet to be done by any version of any Shakespearean play created for the cinema. Also, I think it would add a measure of academic value to the film, which is it would get a lot of attention from people who would inevitably want to relate the novelty to some social issue like gender which would definitely increase media mileage. Act 1 of Hamlet has five main characters. These are King Hamlet (The Ghost): the late king of Denmark who had died two months ago, King Claudius: the late King Hamlet’s brother and successor, Queen Gertrude: widow of King Hamlet and remarried to Claudius following her husband’s demise, Prince Hamlet: a young college student who is the son of Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, and Horatio: Hamlet’s best friend. For the starring role of Prince Hamlet, I will choose Matt Damon. Although he’s 36 years old, Matt can easily be made to look like he’s in his late 20s. He is best known for his starring role as Jason Bourne, an amnesiac assassin on the run in The Bourne Identity and The Bourne Supremacy. I think that Damon’s dark persona that is incorporated in these two movies would play quite well for the part of Hamlet especially in his broodings regarding his father’s death. Matt’s stern disposition is also appropriate in his unflinching dialogue with the ghost of his father towards the end of the act. I want Hamlet to be strong, a bit dark and brooding, almost unkind. For the ghost of King Hamlet, I’ve selected Anthony Hopkins. Hopkins has starred in the Hannibal Lecter series of movies from Silence of the Lambs in 1991 to Hannibal in 2001. His role was that of a deranged but brilliant surgeon who is a known and convicted murderer and cannibal. Hopkins also starred in the now classic Bram Stoker’s Dracula in 1992. Hopkins’ roles in these movies showed his capability for a cunning, merciless character that is what is needed for the part of the ghost of King Hamlet. I want the ghost to show utterly no remorse for what it would ask Hamlet to do. I want Hopkins’ imposing stare in digital ghostly fog effects that could scare an audience silly. I also want a synergy of dark characters between him and Damon. I want the audience to see this dark demeanor as a resemblance from father to son. For Hamlet’s mother, Queen Gertude, I want to use an actor who is a lot younger than either Hopkins or the actor who is to play King Claudius. Also, since I will be using a man to play Queen Gertrude, I find it necessary to pick one who has done the task several times before. Unfortunately, there seems to be no available actor in Hollywood to perform such a role. This leads me to seek out someone outside of tinsel town. Doing so found me the perfect specimen in the Philippines. He is Eric Quizon. He is a Filipino actor in his mid-forties who has played the role of a beautiful gay man several times in their local cinema. He has even played one in an internationally acclaimed movie in 2000 about the Japanese occupation in his country during World War II which was entitled, Markova: Comfort Gay. Quizon has an excellent command of English and does look like a beautiful gay man so there would be no problem fitting him in as Queen Gertrude. He has also been nominated for several acting awards in his country and had even more a number of supporting actor awards in 1995 and 1998 so his acting is also pretty decent. I want Gertrude to look beautiful. I want the audience who know she isn’t really a woman to gape in awe at how much she looks like one without any major make up or computer alterations. Plus I want people who do not know that she is a man to be struck silly when they find out. For King Claudius, I’ve selected Brian Cox. He’s a 60 year old veteran who’s played supporting roles in a lot of action films such as Desparate Measures, Manhunter, and Troy where he superbly played another villain, Agamemnon. I also chose Cox because he has previously worked both with Damon and with Hopkins in The Bourne Supremacy and Hannibal respectively. I believe that this would make him serve as a bridge between the two actors in the early stages of filming. I want King Claudius to seem just as ruthless and cunning as his brother, and I think using someone who has played one of the most ruthless kings in classic literature is just the ticket. Finally, I want Jack Black to play Horatio. You just need to King Kong or The Jackal to know that this guy can keep a straight face but at the same time come off as funny looking to the audience. I mean, I actually laughed a little when Bruce Willis’ psychotic character blew a crying Jack Black to bits in the second mentioned movie. I want that seriousness to leave a smile on the audience. I want them to ask â€Å"Is he serious? Or is he going to pull a rabbit out of his ass before he says another word? †. The setting would be in modern day Denmark, where Hamlet’s father would actually be a big time tycoon. All the modern day details similar to Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet would apply to this film. I want the audience to be able to connect with the movie and at the same time appreciate how it was done in the old days. How to cite Direct an act from Hamlet, Papers

Leadership Reform

Question: AIMS: Rural primary care physicians and assistants of physicians experiences obstructions while implementing EHRs at rural primary care clinics. This study deals with this subject. The knowledge that they gain: Disseminate knowledge of EHR technology through the removal of barriers Take decisions on rural PCPs. Change policies and plan projects Mange relationship with stakeholders I have explored the rural PCPs implementation of EHR system through a qualitative and phenomenological design. Research Question: The research questions include the following: What the primary care physicians and their assistants have faced? What they think about complex adaptive systems while trying to recover the problem of implementing electronic health records? Answer: Topic significance: According to Adams Gaetane (2011) Business community might enrich from the outcome of the research and it may influence rural primary clinics to adopt the electronic health records. Through a qualitative research gaps will be filled, literature will be extended and the structure of future research provided in it will increase the scope of further research. It will be useful in business practices, processes and policies. Contribution to Business practice: As discussed in Sheffield Haslett et al (2012), through a qualitative and phenomenological research, there will be a formation of clear understanding of how to overcome the barriers and that too from the perspective of the rural PCPs and their assistants. The stakeholders of rural primary care clinics will get information about what influences the decision-making leading towards a successful implementation of EHR. According to Mechanic (2008), it will benefit from low health care cost although the quality of treatment will increase It will encourage implementation and adoption of EHR in HIT field and develop efficient low cost health care services that will result into a sustainable business. Implications for Social change Because of the research, the PCPs and rural primary care clinics may strive to work independently without any assistance from government. According to Adler-Milstein Bates (2010) the impact will lead to innovative and efficient health care system to fulfill the demands of increased life expectancy as well as reduced resources. An increased rate of EHR implementation will usher a social change. Background According to Channon et al (2012) many countries including Indian Government has influenced the doctors, nurses, hospitals and insurance companies to use ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) for improvement of qualitative healthcare facilities that will reduce the healthcare cost. Electronic Health Record (EHRs) is one such use of ICT by many countries. According to Goldberg (2012), in last few years, Indias healthcare department has grown in quality and quantity with Private sectors investing in healthcare sector and thus making it into one of the primary contributors of Indias GDP. EHR is a need of rural India because of the following: Accurate and instant information for the patients Enable access of interface such as telehealth to know about clinicians, staff members, and pharmacists. Other facilities not provided locally Help the rural health care organizations to provide effective local care and this is inexpensive Offers efficient specialty referrals Government of India has set some rules for EHR in the year 2013. Ministry of Health and family Welfare ordered the establishment of EHR standards committee, who recommended the guidelines. On its behalf, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry manages it. The guidelines make it sure that all medical data is easily available and portable. This task is problematic as only 160 million people use internet. The barriers are Limited access to infrastructure and capital Suitable products for rural health care Difficulty in using broadband connection Difficulty in acquiring community buy-in Limited scope to collaborate with rural stakeholders Restricted buy-in from rural health care or hospitals staff with multifarious job Reference Adams, C.M. and Jean-Marie, G., 2011. A diffusion approach to study leadership reform.Journal of Educational Administration,49(4), pp.354-377. Adler-Milstein, J. and Bates, D.W., 2010. Paperless healthcare: Progress and challenges of an IT-enabled healthcare system.Business Horizons,53(2), pp.119-130. Brahmer, J.R., Tykodi, S.S., Chow, L.Q., Hwu, W.J., Topalian, S.L., Hwu, P., Drake, C.G., Camacho, L.H., Kauh, J., Odunsi, K. and Pitot, H.C., 2012. Safety and activity of antiPD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer.New England Journal of Medicine,366(26), pp.2455-2465. Lazarus, J.H., Bestwick, J.P., Channon, S., Paradice, R., Maina, A., Rees, R., Chiusano, E., John, R., Guaraldo, V., George, L.M. and Perona, M., 2012. Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function.New England Journal of Medicine,366(6), pp.493-501. Mechanic, D. and McAlpine, D.D., 2010. Sociology of Health Care Reform Building on Research and Analysis to Improve Health Care.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,51(1 suppl), pp.S147-S159. Sheffield, J., Sankaran, S. and Haslett, T., 2012. Systems thinking: taming complexity in project management.On the Horizon,20(2), pp.126-136.

Outline free essay sample

The first reading contained the following definition of critical thinking: â€Å"Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication, as a guide to belief and action. Defining Critical Thinking. (n. d. ). Critical Thinking Index Page. Retrieved from http://www. criticalthinking. org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 This definition uses words with which you may be unfamiliar. First, write the definitions for the following words: * Conceptualizing * Analyzing * Synthesizing Second,  re-write the  definition of critical thinking in your own words. If you like, use more than one sentence. Be sure to Include citations as needed and write in first person Definitions according to www. dictionary. reference. com * Conceptualizing – 1) To form into concept; make a concept of. 2) To form a concept: think in concepts. 3) To Form (a concept or concepts) our of observations, experience, data, etc * Analyzing – 1) To examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give the essence of. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) To examine carefully and in detail so as to identify causes, key factors, possible results, etc. 3) Break down, explicate * Synthesizing – 1) To form (a material or abstract entity) by combining parts or elements (opposed to analyze). Definitions in my own words. * Conceptualizing – to form an idea or theory based off of observation, experience, data * Analyzing – to pick apart thoroughly * Synthesizing – to form ideas or theories with out analyzing Outline free essay sample The goal is to make the transformation process both efficient (low-cost, fast) and effective (providing value to the customer). This course considers both service and manufacturing operations, which are both important in todays economy. The focus in managing services leans more toward customer satisfaction and the customers experience, while manufacturing focuses more on efficiency and product quality. Improvements in manufacturing productivity over the last 70 years are largely responsible for the standard of living we enjoy. Currently services account for approximately 75% of the jobs in this country, and companies are increasingly using high quality service to gain a competitive advantage. Both qualitative and quantitative tools are used to suggest answers to management challenges. The solutions these tools give should always be tempered by management judgment. Course Materials Text: Higher Render, Operations Management, Custom Edition for Brock University, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2014 Recommended: purchase text with access to anomaly. anomaly is optional but highly recommended. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be obtained in one f 3 ways: Purchase a new copy of the text at the Brock bookstore includes a free access code. Purchase an e-text at the Brock bookstore includes a free access code. This is much lower cost than a new hard copy book, but expires after 4 months. If you obtain a text by other means then you can purchase access to myopia on the Pearson website when you first login this is about the same cost as the e-text Option. Case package: TO be purchased at the bookstore. Course Notes: There will be notes and information on Assai.Course Format and Evaluation GRADING Late assignments, projects reports will not be accepted. At least 10% of the grade for every hand-in will be for spelling, grammar and clarity of writing. Therefore, if English is not your first language it is strongly recommended that you use MS Words spelling and grammar check and the FOBs online language assistance program at http://brocks. Ca/business/ accreditations/assurance/writing. In addition, a proof-reading service is now available to all Goodman students for free.Please visit the Goodman Proof- reading ASSAI site you are now registered on in order to read the policy and understand submission dates and retrieval procedures. It is highly recommended you use this service In order to achieve greater comprehension of your own writing abilities and increase final assignment grades. Taking exams at times other than those scheduled will only be permitted under extreme circumstances, and then only if you contact the instructor before the exam is taken by the class. NOTE: Last day for withdrawal from Winter half-credit courses without the assignment of a grade is March 6, 2015.LEARNING In-class learning will include lectures, case discussions, videos, exercises, and detent participation. You are responsible to be aware of everything said in class, including announcements; if you need to miss a class, be sure to get the information and notes from someone else. You may find it helpful to bring your text to class when we discuss the chapter material. An important element of this course is teamwork. You will be a part of a team for the TRAP report.

Sophists Definition and Observations

Sophists Definition and Observations Professional teachers of rhetoric (as well as other subjects) in  ancient Greece are known as Sophists. Major figures included Gorgias, Hippias, Protagoras, and Antiphon. This term comes from the Greek, to become wise. Examples Recent scholarship (for example, Edward Schiappas The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece, 1999) has challenged conventional views that rhetoric was born with the democratization of Syracuse, developed by the Sophists in a somewhat shallow way, criticized by Plato in a somewhat impractical way, and rescued by Aristotle, whose Rhetoric found the mean between Sophistic relativism and Platonic idealism. The Sophists were, in fact, a rather disparate group of teachers, some of whom may have been opportunistic hucksters while others (such as Isocrates) were closer in spirit and method to Aristotle and other philosophers.The development of rhetoric in 5th-century B.C. certainly corresponded to the rise of the new legal system that accompanied the democratic government (that is, the several hundred men who were defined as Athenian citizens) in parts of ancient Greece. (Keep in mind that before the invention of lawyers, citizens represented themselves in the Assemblyusually i n front of sizable juries.) It is believed that the Sophists generally taught by example rather than precept; that is, they prepared and delivered specimen speeches for their students to imitate.In any case, as Thomas Cole has noted, its difficult to identify anything like a common set of Sophistic rhetorical principles (The Origins of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece, 1991). We do know a couple of things for certain: (1) that in the 4th century B.C. Aristotle assembled the rhetorical handbooks that were then available into a collection called the Synagoge Techne (now, unfortunately, lost); and (2) that his Rhetoric (which is actually a set of lecture notes) is the earliest extant example of a complete theory, or art, of rhetoric. Platos Criticism of the Sophists The Sophists formed part of the intellectual culture of classical Greece during the second half of the fifth century BCE. Best known as professional educators in the Hellenic world, they were regarded in their time as polymaths, men of varied and great learning. . . . Their doctrines and practices were instrumental in shifting attention from the cosmological speculations of the pre-Socratics to anthropological investigations with a decidedly practical nature. . . . [In the Gorgias and elsewhere] Plato critiques the Sophists for privileging appearances over reality, making the weaker argument appear the stronger, preferring the pleasant over the good, favoring opinions over the truth and probability over certainty, and choosing rhetoric over philosophy. In recent times, this unflattering portrayal has been countered with a more sympathetic appraisal of the Sophists status in antiquity as well as their ideas for modernity.(John Poulakos, Sophists. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2001) The Sophists as Educators [R]hetorical education offered its students mastery of the skills of language necessary to participating in political life and succeeding in financial ventures. The Sophists education in rhetoric, then, opened a new doorway to success for many Greek citizens.(James Herrick, History and Theory of Rhetoric. Allyn Bacon, 2001) [T]he sophists were most concerned with the civic world, most specifically the functioning of the democracy, for which the participants in sophistic education were preparing themselves.(Susan Jarratt, Rereading the Sophists. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) Isocrates, Against the Sophists When the layman . . . observes that the teachers of wisdom and dispensers of happiness are themselves in great want but exact only a small fee from their students, that they are on the watch for contradictions in words but are blind to inconsistencies in deeds, and that, furthermore, they pretend to have knowledge of the future but are incapable either of saying anything pertinent or of giving any counsel regarding the present, . . . then he has, I think, good reason to condemn such studies and regard them as stuff and nonsense, and not as a true discipline of the soul. . . . [L]et no one suppose that I claim that just living can be taught; for, in a word, I hold that there does not exist an art of the kind which can implant sobriety and justice in depraved natures. Nevertheless, I do think that the study of political discourse can help more than any other thing to stimulate and form such qualities of character.(Isocrates, Against the Sophists, c. 382 BC. Translated by George Norlin)

How to Copy a Row in Excel VBA

How to Copy a Row in Excel VBA Using VBA to program Excel isnt as popular as it once was. However, there are still plenty of programmers who prefer it when working with Excel. If you are one of those people, this article is for you.​ Copying a row in Excel VBA is the kind of thing that Excel VBA is really useful for. For example, you may want to have one file of all your receipts with date, account, category, provider, product/service, and cost entered one line at a time, as they occur- an instance of evolving accounting rather than static accounting. To do this, you need to be able to copy a row from one worksheet to another. A sample Excel VBA program that copies a row from one worksheet to another- using only three columns for simplicity- contains: An alpha column for textA numeric column - an automatic sum is created on the target worksheetA date column - the current date and time is filled in automatically Considerations for Writing Excel VBA Code To trigger an event that copies the row, go with the standard- a Button form control. In Excel, click Insert on the Developer tab. Then, select the Button form control and draw the button where you want it. Excel automatically displays a dialog to give you a chance to select a macro triggered by the click event of the button  or to create a new one. There are several ways to find the last row in the target worksheet so the program can copy a row at the bottom. This example chooses to maintain the number of the last row in the worksheet. To maintain the number of the last row, you have to store that number somewhere. This might be a problem because the user might change or delete the number. To get around this, place it in the cell directly underneath the form button. That way, its inaccessible to the user. (The easiest thing to do is enter a value in the cell and then move the button over it.) Code to Copy a Row Using Excel VBA Sub Add_The_Line() Dim currentRow As Integer Sheets(Sheet1).Select currentRow Range(C2).Value Rows(7).Select Selection.Copy Sheets(Sheet2).Select Rows(currentRow).Select ActiveSheet.Paste Dim theDate As Date theDate Now() Cells(currentRow, 4).Value CStr(theDate) Cells(currentRow 1, 3).Activate Dim rTotalCell As Range Set rTotalCell _ Sheets(Sheet2).Cells(Rows.Count, C).End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0) rTotalCell WorksheetFunction.Sum _ (Range(C7, rTotalCell.Offset(-1, 0))) Sheets(Sheet1).Range(C2).Value currentRow 1 End Sub This code uses xlUp, a magic number, or more technically an enumerated constant, which is recognized by the End method. Offset(1,0) simply  moves up one row in the same column, so the net effect is to select the last cell in column C. In words, the statement says: Go to the last cell in column C (equivalent to EndDown Arrow).Then, go back up to the last unused cell (equivalent to the EndUp Arrow).Then, go up one more cell. The last statement updates the location of the last row. VBA is probably harder than VB.NET because you have to know both VB and Excel VBA objects. Using xlUP is a good example of the kind of specialized knowledge that is critical to being able to write VBA macros without looking up three different things for every statement you code. Microsoft has made great progress in upgrading the Visual Studio editor to help you figure out the correct syntax, but the VBA editor hasnt changed much.

Individual critical review report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Individual critical review report - Essay Example Some of the common changes that many students experience changes in culture, language and system of education. This was not any different in my case. The various changes experienced can be behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic and humanistic; having an influence in personal strengths and weaknesses whose understanding is important in future career development and improvement. Personality Change Theories Philosophy, Psychology and sociology theorists and experts have always claimed that personality of a person can change in certain circumstances. Changes can occur when a person relocates to another place, which is different from the region they are used to or when they decide they are going to make changes in some things about themselves. Personality change when a person relocates to another place is based on the theories discussed hereafter. Behavioral This is simply the change of behavior of a person either towards something for improvement or change of environment. Change of environ ment especially comes with its own challenges. Things may be different in the new environment compared to the environment a person is used to. The person has to imitate the behavior and actions of the people in the new environment to fit in and survive. ... For college students, they fall under the category of young adults which according to Erikson ranges from twenty to thirty nine years. This stage is based on two characteristics, intimacy and isolation. Erikson states that this stage is important for people within that age bracket to have good relationships with other people. The consequence of this is two outcomes; intimacy or isolation. People, who learn how to connect with other people, share with them what their feelings and to appreciate their viewpoints and perspectives on different issues get intimacy. They have people they can always look up to when they need them. On the other hand, people who do not develop good relationships with other people do not have anyone to connect to or look up to. They live on their own in isolation (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). The consequences of Erikson’s theory of psychological development have a lot of impact on the people. While people who have intimate relations are usually happy and stress free, those that live in isolation are likely to be depressed making them to engage in activities that are not good for instance substance abuse. Basing on this psychological development theory by Erikson, I have learned to interact with people from across the world for the time I have been studying abroad. I have developed relations with many people that I met at the University. I believe I have understood them to the fullest and they have also understood my personality. There was a lot of fulfillment I experienced by sharing my joy, issues and challenges with the friend I have made at college. I have learned to appreciate every person as we were from different cultural, ethnic

Business ethics nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business ethics nature - Essay Example Numerous ethical problems have been identified in the article which impact on the business of multinationals in foreign nations. Besides, the article highlights the aspect of culture which can also have an impact on ethical business performance (Lau, 2013). The objective of the report is to discuss the article in brief regarding the essence of its topic and ethical aspects. The report also discusses the ways of resolving the identified issues of ethics and culture faced by people. An Overview of the Essence of the Article The article discusses about globalisation, cultural shock and significance of teaching business ethics. It is a common awareness that business and ethics are not companionable, due to this reason, business at times contributes to unethical manners of commercial activities. Several business scandals, in recent times, prove the fact that unethical business activities are prevalent in organisations. However, unethical activities have their own costs. Due to these inher ent costs, which are related with unethical business activities, this trend is gradually changing since executives distinguish that unethical business decisions have an influence on the goodwill of an organisation (Lau, 2013). The article also emphasised on teaching business ethics in universities. Ethics in this context is considered as a set of principles people use in order to determine whether their actions are good or bad. Every organisation faces certain ethical consequences. Ethical organisations attract quality employees and the prevailing ethical practices result in higher level of job satisfaction. It is a common fact that in the long run, ethical organisations can financially overtake unethical organisations (Lau, 2013). Discussion The article discusses about globalisation and the impact of culture on making adjustments in a foreign nation. Furthermore, the article also discusses about understanding the importance of business ethics in modern day business environment. In this context, it can be stated that globalisation is creating universal standards for commercial activities and these activities are becoming more demanding in multinational organisations. Since more multinational organisations are adopting these standards, it becomes ever more vital for every business to develop companywide core principles, standards of behaviour and relevant policies which are in tune with the world ethics and compliance environment (Dutton, 2011). The article states about cultural shock which is experienced by students who arrive in a foreign country for the purpose of study or for occupation. In a foreign nation, people require to make certain adjustments. In essence, cultural shock is common for every individual when they experience an unaccustomed mode of life in a new nation. To put in simple words, cultural shock is considered as a simple travel to other sort of life. In modern days, cultural shock plays vital part in intercultural communication and in assoc iated disciplines such as cross-culture education (Dutton, 2011). The multinational organisations have to predominately deal with the notion of cultural shock amid a number of their expatriate

Same-sex marriage debate Essay Example for Free

Same-sex marriage debate Essay The world is constantly changing and evolving. It isnt possible to stop this from happening, but it is possible to stand up for what is morally right and for what isnt. And now, we are faced with what many people feel is the inevitable evolution of marriage: legalizing homosexual marriages. Not allowing homosexual marriages to be recognized by the government and to be legal would prevent changing a fundamental institution, would prohibit breaching the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and would prevent unthinkable consequences. Marriage has been around for as long as anyone can remember. And after all this time, it has changed very little in the eyes of the law. Every major religion and culture has embraced marriage as a unique relationship between a man and a woman. One of the only times marriage was altered, was when no-fault divorce was legalised. No-fault divorce was introduced, and it has proven to be a complete disaster for children and often for the adults involved. Statistics now show that 53% of marriages end in divorce. And now, we find ourselves gambling yet again with an institution that is foundational to the well-being of our children and a healthy society. The same argument once made in support of no-fault divorce, This will not affect good marriages and healthy families, is now being made in support of gay marriage. Yet we have no credible evidence to prove that altering our marriage laws again will be any less problematic for children and society than was no-fault divorce. The painful lessons we have learned as a result of no-fault divorce should stop this process cold in its tracks. To fundamentally change an institution whose worth has been proved over thousands of years and in hundreds of cultures risks unintended and unexpected consequences. It is with infinite caution that any man ought to venture upon pulling down an edifice which has answered in any tolerable degree for ages the common purposes of society. Secondly, it has been argued that prohibiting homosexuals to marry would breach the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter was modified in 1981 with the following heading Whereas Canada is founded upon the principles  that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law. With such an acknowledgement, how could the acceptance of same-sex marriages even be considered? Time and again, the Bible clearly states and demonstrates Gods position on homosexuality: Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed because of homosexuality (Gen 18:20-21; 19:5-7, 13); Homosexuals will not inherit the kingdom of God (1 Cor 6:9-10); Those who practice homosexuality are called perverted men (Jdg 19:22); The penalty under the Old Testament for homosexuality was death (Lev 20:13); It is abominable, whether committed by men or women (Ro 1:26-27) Three Ontario judges stated that prohibiting gay couples from marrying violates the Charter The Charter, acknowledging the supremacy (ie. dominion, preeminence) of God strikes down any notion that same-sex marriages can be accepted in Canada. Thirdly, the Marriage Act of Ontario, when speaking of a marriage mentions a man and wife. How does a same-sex couple fit this definition? The same document outlines a list of people whom a man cannot marry (grandmother, mother, daughter, sister, granddaughter). Likewise, a list of people whom a woman cannot marry is provided (grandfather, father, son, brother, grandson). If the Marriage Act permitted homosexual marriages, why is a man not restricted from marrying his grandfather, father, son, brother, grandson? And likewise, why is a woman not restricted from marrying her grandmother, mother, daughter, sister, granddaughter? It is for the simple reason that same-sex marriages do not fall within the framework of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Marriage Act of Ontario, or most importantly, Gods holy word. To change the definition of marriage would be to change the nature of marriage; to recommend that, the full impact of the change must be understood. And that impact must be considered not just at the individual level, but most importantly at the societal level, and not just for the present, but also the future. Definition (and language in general) create human reality. We dont just change words, we change the nature of an entity when we redefine it. Definitions are frames that we place on events, concepts or circumstances, in order to give them meaning we frame reality with language in order to find meaning in that reality. Those in the gay community who want same-sex marriage are right to seek meaning in their relationships and to want to have that meaning publicly recognized. They are wrong, however, to try to do it by co-opting the institution of marriage. The institution of marriage cannot function in that way without being deformed and destroyed.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay examples -- English Literature E

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in the late fourteenth century. Its author was unknown, but he or she was a contemporary of Chaucer. The poem consists of two plots: one is the challenge between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in a beheading game, and the other is the temptation of Sir Gawain by a lady from a beautiful castle. The outcome of the challenge as well as the life of Gawain is made to depend--though Gawain does not know it--on his behavior at the castle. The temptation is a test of chastity and honorable conduct towards a lord. The introduction of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight gives us a picture of King Arthur's kingdom. It describes the knights and the joy of all Arthur's people. The poem begins and ends with the mention of the fall of Troy. It talks about the warriors who survived and settled in different areas of Europe: Great Romulus to Rome repairs in haste; With boast and with bravery builds he that city And names it with his own name, that it now bears. Ticius to Tuscany, and towers raises, Langobard in Lombardy lays out homes, And far over the French Sea, Felix Brutus On many broad hills and high Britain he sets, most fair. (Norton 202) (Aeneas rescuing his father from Troy) Felix Brutus is the legendary founder of Britain, the great-grandson of the treacherous knight of Troy, Aeneas. Aeneas,from what I found from an outside source, says he is a traitor because he overthrows the king of Troy and negotiates with the enemy (the Achaeans) or Greeks who come into the city. Because of this, the Greeks let him and his family to safely leave the city. In the second stanza, the author chooses to tal... ...equality in a marriage because that is the only way that marriage can last forever. Unlike her "Prologue," the Wife of Bath's "Tale" describes balance in a marriage. A hag is married to a knight and she asks him if he wants her to be old, ugly and faithful or young, beautiful, and unfaithful. He tells her to choose, which gives her the sovereignty. The hag then turns into a beautiful woman, and they live happily ever after. Although in her "Tale," it shows that both people should be considerate of each other in a marriage, in her "Prologue," the Wife of Bath seems dominant instead of concerns for her husbands. Citation Abrams, M.H., The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Sixth Edition, Vol. 1. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1993 Edited by J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon Sir Gawain and The Green Knight.Second Edition, Oxford University Press., 1967

NMCI Project Assessment

The following is my assessment of the project:That when developing the project care was never taken to read carefully the set objectives and whether or not they were being met. As a result only two of them were met which indicated there was a need to overhaul the system. None the less expansion continued as if nothing was wrong.Modern development tools like prototyping were never used properly. System users were never involved in the development as the project was only handled by the experts. As a result serious mistakes were never detected let alone being solved in time. The size of the project needed the use of modern networking hardware, fast enough to cope with the heavy traffic created by the over 650,000 users. Instead of replacing the obsolete old hardware with the new ones the project continued to build on them which created more disaster.The monitoring process was never put into use as the Navy personnel who appeared to have vested interest in the project kept on defending i t rather than bringing correcting and useful comments during the development process. They only focused on being able to provide some service whether that service was reliable or dependable was never the issue was never an issue. The Navy system is normally classified as critical and needs special methods   to minimize and tolerate some faults during its development. Such methods were never used. For example reliability, safety and security assessments were never done. Performance tests were never carried even though it was clearly known such tests were mandatory. The programming languages used were never compatible with modern   distributed operating systems. There was need to use Object Oriented Systems to enhance later modification compatibilityTHE AFI NEW SYSTEM PROPOSALIntroductionPurpose of the DocumentThis document is prepared for use by the following people and for the following purposes:User Name Why need the Document System Customers Check if needs are met and specify any changes that may be required Managers/ Officers To plan for the system bid and its development System Engineers To Know and be guided on what system to develop System test engineers To develop validation tests System Maintenance Engineers To understand the system parts and its totality Scope of the ProductThis system is meant to be used by the current air force staff and it will take into account their current number and the projected number in the year 2030..It will use the most current network technology including their topologies, transmission media, and distributed operating system architecture.System OverviewWhy use networksTo allow for efficient sharing and use of computer resourcesTo facilitate efficient dissemination of messages, notices to air force staffTo provide connectivity to other armed forces and air force personnel in USTo research and read widely about events taking place in US, and outside world. In particular those that are a threat to the USTo perform trade and other commercial activitiesThe connectivity and expected workloadEthernet products will be used due to its simplicity and widespread useFiber optics cables will provide major connectivityWireless hone technology will be usedExpected Achievements and FailuresAll the cited failures in the NMCI project will be avoided, specifically:The integrated system life cycle will be used which is proper fact finding, system design, system implementation through prototyping, system integration and testing; system parallel operation, evaluation and maintenance.User involvement at all levels of system developmentUser training through in house training programs; seminars and workshop attendanceSystem ConstraintsThe major constraint will be lack of awareness on the part of users . Computer technology is changing very rapidly and the organization will be properly informed and well prepared to accept such changes as inevitable.Methods and ProceduresNetwork Models UsedSystem Anticipated EvolutionsRec ommendationsConclusionsReferences:Internet as given from NMCI system namely:http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0751.pdf http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1206/120806ts1.htm http://www.eds.com/news/news.asp?news_id=2905 Ian Summerville : Software Engineering

The Relationship of Music Education Essay

The turning academic accomplishment spread observed in academic establishments in the United States has prompted legion research surveies conducted to happen ways and means to better the academic public presentation of school-aged kids in the state. Based on such surveies conducted. it has been determined that the incorporation of music instruction as portion of the course of study used among pre-school. simple and high school pupils can assist better the degree of academic public presentation observed in these degrees. As such. there are now a figure of different web sites found over the Internet promoting this method of learning school-aged kids of assorted degrees. However. there are still a figure of groups that remain disbelieving about its effectivity. This paper aims to supply information turn outing that the incorporation of music instruction to school course of study of different degrees result to an betterment of the academic public presentation of school-aged kids. Apart from supplying the legion benefits advocated by different web sites back uping this. this paper would look into surveies published in academic diaries available in Internet databases turn outing its effectivity. the claims provided by sceptics that have caused them to reason that there is no relationship between the usage of music instruction and the betterment of the academic public presentation of school-aged kids would besides be presented. Music Education and Academic Performance As antecedently mentioned. there are a legion Internet web sites now recommending the usage of music instruction as a agency to better the academic public presentation of school-aged kids of different degrees. This is because research surveies have shown positive and promising consequences peculiarly among kids with particular demands such as those with autism and those that have been considered as kids at-risk. In one survey. the research worker found that the incorporation of music instruction in the schoolroom led to the creative activity of an environment where kids with autism become more successful academically since they determined that pupils with autism are able to react more expeditiously with the usage of music stimulation ( Darrow 2009 ) . In another survey. it was determined that through the incorporation of music instruction. members of the module and disposal have seen that there has been a diminution in the figure of pupils dropping out of school as compared to those that did non use these plans. In fact. they found that 93 % of pupils dropping out are those that are non included in any music instruction plan ( Olson 2008 ) . Internet websites that promote the incorporation of music instruction as a manner to supply school-aged kids the ability to develop and heighten assorted accomplishments which have been considered as indispensable for the success of school-aged kids non merely in school but besides within the corporate universe. Some of these accomplishments include mathematics. creativeness and communicating accomplishments. It was besides determined that through the usage of music instruction as a portion of the course of study of school-aged kids allow them to develop traits and personalities that would do them productive members of society. These include developing a sense of self-denial. less prone to effusions of fury and choler and substance dependence. These claims presented in these Internet web sites are supported by assorted research surveies released by such establishments such as the U. S. Department of Education and the College Board of New York ( Children’s Music Workshop 2006 ; Zhang 2007 ) . While this may be the instance. other Internet web sites have been found to rebut such claims and benefits. One of which is a web site that features the survey presented to the Australian Association for Research in Education entitled No Evidence for a Mozart Effect in School Aged Children. In this survey. the research workers have stipulated that while there have been legion surveies claiming that the usage of classical music and other methods of integrating music instruction in school course of study have caused an betterment in the academic public presentation in some academic establishments. this does non go on each and every individual case. This is due to the fact that other factors such as the cultural of the academic establishment and the quality of the instructors easing the instruction of the pupils play a major function in the overall academic public presentation of school-aged kids ( Crncec. Wilson & A ; Prior 2002 ) . In another Internet web site. it was stated that while music instruction does assist most school-aged kids with particular demands. this does non embrace all kids with particular demands. To be specific. kids with auditory upsets such as audile procedure upset. or APD. are unable to grok sound elements. As a consequence. the incorporation of music instruction to the course of study of school-aged kids would merely be unbeneficial for these kids. In fact. it may even do these kids to exhibit the really issues that Internet websites advancing the usage of music instruction are able to turn to ( Nikolaidou. Iliadou. Kaprinis. Hadjileontiadis & A ; Kaprinis 2009 ) . Conclusion The incorporation of music instruction in school course of study has. in no uncertainty. been able to assist in the betterment of the academic public presentation of school-aged kids in different degrees. The promising consequences presented by research surveies conducted have been found to be consistent when these rules have been applied by assorted academic establishments. peculiarly pre-school and simple schools. As a consequence. the incorporation of music instruction has now been endorsed by assorted local and authorities organisations involved in the betterment of the overall academic public presentation of academic establishments in the state. While there are restrictions to how much of an betterment may be observed in one academic establishment as presented earlier. the consistence observed on the part music instruction to the overall academic public presentation uninterrupted to do a feasible method to be used in schools throughout the state. Mentions Children’s Music Workshop. ( 2006 ) . Music instruction online. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. childrensmusicworkshop. com/advocacy/benefits. hypertext markup language. Crncec. R. J. . Wilson. S. J. & A ; Prior. M. ( 2002. December ) . No grounds for a Mozart consequence in school aged kids. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Aare. edu. au/02pap/crn02420. htm. Darrow. A. ( 2009 ) . Adapting for pupils with autism. General music today. 22 ( 2 ) . 24-26. Department of the Interior: 10. 1177/1048371308328384. Nikolaidou. G. N. . Iliadou. V. T. . Kaprinis. S. G. . Hadjileontiadis. L. J. & A ; Kaprinis. G. S. ( 2009 ) . Primary school music instruction and the consequence of auditory processing upsets: pedagogical/ICT-based deductions. Retrieved from the IEEE Xplore Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/Xplore/login. jsp? url=http % 3A % 2F % 2Fieeexplore. ieee. org % 2Fiel5 % 2F4561602 % 2F4561603 % 2F04561902. pdf % 3Farnumber % 3D4561902 & A ; a uthDecision=-203. Olson. C. A. ( 2008 ) . Can music instruction aid at-risk pupils? Study finds positive testimony significant but quantitative research lacking. Teaching music. 16 ( 3 ) . 20. Retrieved from ERIC database ( 10697446. 20081101 ) . Zhang. L. ( 2007. March ) . Benefits of music instruction for your kid. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/benefits-of-music-education-for-your- child-124538. hypertext markup language.

Learn More About Edgar Allan Poes The Raven

Learn More About Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Raven' Edgar Allan Poes The Raven is the most famous of Poes poems, notable for its melodic and dramatic qualities. The meter of the poem is mostly trochaic octameter, with eight stressed-unstressed two-syllable feet per lines. Combined with an end rhyme scheme and the frequent use of internal rhyme, the the refrain of nothing more and nevermore give the poem a musical lilt when read aloud. Poe also emphasizes the O sound in words such as Lenore and nevermore to underline the melancholy and lonely sound of the poem and to establish the overall atmosphere. Story Summary The Raven follows an unnamed narrator on a dreary night in December who sits reading forgotten lore by a dying fire   as a way to forget the death of his beloved Lenore. Suddenly, he hears someone (or something) knocking at the door.   He calls out, apologizing to the visitor he imagines must be outside. Then he opens the door and finds†¦nothing. This freaks him out a little, and he reassures himself that it is just the wind against the window. So he goes and opens the window, and in flies (you guessed it) a raven. The Raven settles in on a statue above the door, and for some reason, our speakers first instinct is to talk to it. He asks for its name, just like you usually do with strange birds that fly into your house, right? Amazingly enough, though, the Raven answers back, with a single word: Nevermore.   Understandably surprised, the man asks more questions. The birds vocabulary turns out to be pretty limited, though; all it says is Nevermore. Our narrator catches on to this rather slowly and asks more and more questions, which get more painful and personal. The Raven, though, doesnt change his story, and the poor speaker starts to lose his sanity. Study Guide Questions for The Raven The Raven is one of Edgar Allan Poes most memorable works. Here are a few questions for study and discussion. What is important about the title of the poem, The Raven? Why does he use the title?What are the conflicts in The Raven? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you read?How does Edgar Allan Poe reveal character in The Raven?What are some themes? Symbols? How do they relate to the overall flow or meaning of the poem?Does the poem end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the poem? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the work relate to Poes other works of supernatural and horror literature? Would you read it at Halloween?How essential is the setting? Could the poem have taken place in another place or time? Do you get enough of a sense of where and when the poem takes place?What is the significance of the raven in mythology and literature?How is madness or insanity explored in the poem?Would you recommend this poem to a friend?

Arguments for and Against Juvenile Courts

Arguments for and Against Juvenile Courts Introduction In the United States we have two parallel systems that deal with individuals that commit crimes and or offenses against society. First we have the criminal justice system, a court which deals with adults who commit various crimes. Secondly, we have the juvenile justice system, a court designed especially for minors and is generally thought to help rehabilitate the offender. The salient difference between these two systems, as Mitcheal Ritter puts it, â€Å"is the use of distinct terminology to refer to their similar procedures. State and federal legislatures intended this terminological variation to avoid stigmatizing children as â€Å"criminals† and to dissociate the juvenile system from the criminal justice system† (Ritter 2010, 222). The major issue I intend to look at it is whether or not we should abolish the juvenile justice system. First, we will look at the position of keeping the current system, why it needs to stay in place, and why in the long r un it is the most beneficial to the juvenile. Second, we will examine the research of Barry Feld, one of the most influential advocates on why it needs to be abolished because of the lack of constitutional rights that a juvenile does not receive while being tried under the Juvenile justice system. Thirdly, I will be looking at each party’s positions and critiquing it to see it what the strong and weak points are. Finally, I will present my own opinion on whether to keep it, abolish it, or create a whole new system altogether. Presentation of Position A: Do Not Abolish the Juvenile System To try a juvenile in adult court is by no means the right decision. In this section we will look at evidence and arguments on why the juvenile justice system should not be abolished. Juveniles are different from adults and therefore should not be allowed to stand trial in the criminal justice system. Children are not well enough developed mentally, as compared to an adult, to be tried in the adult correctional system. This is why many people take the stance, â€Å"no way should we get rid of the juvenile justice system.† The â€Å"director of the state’s (Washington) Bureau of Juvenile Detention Services is seeking to keep 16- and 17-year-old offenders out of the state’s criminal justice system† (McNeil 2008). To lock up a child in an adult correction facility is by no means the right idea even if they are â€Å"separate† from the adults. If a juvenile commits an â€Å"adult crime† like robbery, theft or in most cases drug crimes, a quick fix is to incarcerate that individual in an adult prison to punish him and protect society. While this may work for adults, it is inappropriate for a youth. Advocates argue that we must keep the juvenile justice system because â€Å"many studies also have found that significantly harsher punishments are meted out to juveniles in adult court when compared with juveniles in juvenile court, parti cularly for serious or violent offenses† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 727). Sending a juvenile to adult court at such a young age can be problematic for the child, because the court wants to be strict with the child by showing them that their behavior will not be tolerated and because in adult court the child will miss out on educational and rehabilitative programs more readily available in juvenile detention facilities. Kurlycheck and Johnson argue that â€Å"Juvenile courts are characterized by disposition options that fundamentally differ from adult courts in their symbolic meaning, punitive and treatment alternatives, and punishment goals† (2010). In a study in Pennsylvania, Kurlycheck and Johnson compared a sample of juveniles tried in juvenile court with juveniles who were transferred to adult court and showed that the adult courts were harsher on the juvenile: â€Å"On average, their sentences were 80 percent more severe than for their young adult counterpartsà ¢â‚¬  (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729).

Theory and Development-M1A3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory and Development-M1A3 - Essay Example The mission statement of the company is â€Å"world class provider of diverse and friendly tourist services in the most affordable ways†. The company has a vision which specifies the ways in which it can function opportunistically and incrementally; â€Å"to be the leading service provider in the tourism industry by encouraging diversity and equality of all.† The values of the company are listed below. The reasons for choosing this company and precisely the HR department is because it will provide us with the insights needed in the comprehension of motivational strategies in a multi-cultural environment, explore the motivational strategies needed in the tourism sector and how personal motivation influences the overall performance of the company. I believe that the human resource department in a tourism company will provide the best link between motivational theory and practice in a diverse setting as opposed to two my colleagues who had chosen to review a finance firm where people do not interact and diversity is not very sound as to attract attention in motivation theories. Integration of motivation with Multivendor Inc.’s values, mission, vision, and operational strategies can be analyzed by focusing on the employees. The company’s values, mission, vision, and operational strategies serve several aspects to ensure motivation. First, they communicate to their stakeholders the purpose and the mandate of the company. They are the tolls and the vehicles through which the company communicate their objectives especially to the employees who work hard alongside the values, vision, missions and strategies of the company to achieve the objectives. Communication of values, mission, vision, and operational strategies is also important for communication of objectives to other stakeholders like the customers, suppliers and competitors who influence the performance of the company. Secondly, Motivation is achieved through

Human Sexuality Aspects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Sexuality Aspects - Essay Example Human sexuality deals more with emotional responses as principles, standards, and duties. Movies as a media of communication, has an enormous effect in the manner in which it has shaped the way people relate and engage in sexual activities. Human sexuality directly or indirectly has influences in many areas of life that pertains to human beings. Human sexuality affects the society in numerous ways. For example, it influences persons in the sociocultural aspect. Different people have different cultures and share different views on sexual behaviors and what people perceives to be wrong in different parts of the world. Movies have played a played a major role in influencing the way people perceive sexual activities. For instance, most characters in movies engage in sexual activities before marriage, which is a forbidden practice among many religious groups. Though most persons will try their best to follow religious rules, they will also try their very best to keep secrets of how they engage in sexual activities. People do this in order to avoid critisims or even being punished. Moreover, sexual activities in movies in addition to beliefs of a person and their religious backgrounds as well as personal experiences and behaviors can have even a stronger influence in an individual or a group of people. Such influences from movies include influencing the way children are taught about sexuality by their parents. This is because children tend to emulate in behavior what they watch on movies. Often, young children look for guidance through media on what are both socially acceptable or not. The media tends to help shape the attitudes of children on what they like and what they do not. Movies show attractive cast people in the lead roles (Bancroft 7). Human sexuality also plays a major role in influencing the way people in the society behaves and communicates to each other. More often than not, human behavior is determined by the

Feasibility. A Guide for Small Business Research Paper

Feasibility. A Guide for Small Business - Research Paper Example The feasibility study of B2B market gives a brief view on the product, technology used in the operational process. The study also states the market environment which includes competitions in the market, existing industry and the business model. Apart from this, various other strategies have been stated in the feasibility study including the marketing and selling strategies, production and management requirements along with financial projections for one year of the business plan. Products and Services Considering the present market scenario, the toy company has selected a range of innovative products to deal with AGI in B2B market. The selected product is intended towards the little children of Brooklyn. With this concern, the toy company has selected three distinct categories of toys to be introduced in the market, i.e. Toy A (TA) for the age group of 1 year to 3 years, Toy B (TB) is for the age group of 4 years to 6 years and Toy C (TC) for the age group of 7 years to 10 years. Henc e, the toy company will be introducing musical soft toys for the TA product range which will emphasize on the adoption of nursery rhymes and other educational themes rendering due concern towards the mental development of children at this age. The company will further attempt to introduce talking pens for the product line TB and science station educational toys for the product line of TC. ... AGI is fundamentally known for its different types of innovative greetings cards and toys. In this regards, it has been found that AGI serves its consumers with innovative greeting cards; however, the market for innovative toys still remains unexplored by the company (American Greetings, 2012). By analyzing the market it can be stated that the toy company has certain advantages for its product lines in dealing with AGI. AGI is well known for distributing innovative greeting cards and regular toys. However company is noted to have minimum inclusion in the innovative toy segment in comparison to its involvement cards segments. This can offer noteworthy opportunity for the toy company as a supplier of AGI. Technology Introducing new innovative toys in the American market certainly needs modernized technology in its manufacturing unit. While manufacturing toys, the toy company will consider exact technology for selected toys concerning the fact that the requirement varies with different kinds of toys. With this concern, the toy company used basic materials and technologies to manufacture Toy A. The requirements has been planned concentrating on soft baby toys which should be made up of cotton and cloths with attractive color and an electronic device run by battery cell for music. The procedure used for manufacturing Toy A product line is by placing electronic device inside the soft toys so that it is invisible to everyone and stays away from the reach of the children. In similar aspect, different technologies are intended to be used for manufacturing of Toy B product line, with the use of wood or plastic with attractive colors and designs with electronic devices inside it which can speak when the pen is in use and thus can be used by

Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)   TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY TLS is a successor to Secure Sockets Layer protocol. TLS provides secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains significantly the same. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS resides on the Application Layer of the OSI model. This will save you a lot of frustrations while debugging and troubleshooting encryption troubles connected to TLS.   TLS Features TLS is a generic application layer security protocol that runs over reliable transport. It provides a secure channel to application protocol clients. This channel has three primary security features: Authentication of the server. Confidentiality of the communication channel. Message integrity of the communication channel. Optionally TLS can also provide authentication of the client. In general, TLS authentication uses public key based digital signatures backed by certificates. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a secret encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key. The client authenticates by signing a random challenge. Server certificates typically contain the servers domain name. Client certificates can contain arbitrary identities.   The Handshake Protocols The TLS Handshake Protocol allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is exchanged. In a typical scenario, only the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured while the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients. Provide security parameters to the record layer. A Client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods. The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol version, a random number, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client. The Server sends its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this may be omitted by the Server). The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection can be mutually authenticated, using a Certificate Request. The Server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation. The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher). The Handshake protocol provides a number of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms  · Authentication A certificate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a certification authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial number, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake Protocol uses an X.509 certificate to provide strong evidence to a second party that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the corresponding private key.  · Encryption There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key (also known as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for bulk encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange.  · Hash Algorithms A hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller set of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the original message and the hash is unique to the original data. A hash is similar to a fingerprint: a fingerprint is unique to the individual and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is used to establish data integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms are Message Digest5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value.   The Change Cipher Spec The Change Cipher Spec Protocol signals a transition of the cipher suite to be used on the connection between the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and compressed with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this will be encrypted and compressed using the new cipher suite.   The Alert The Alert Protocol includes event-driven alert messages that can be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the application.   The Record Layer/Protocol The TLS record protocol is a simple framing layer with record format as shown below: struct { ContentType type; ProtocolVersion version; uint16 length; opaque payload[length]; } TLSRecord; As with TLS, data is carried in records. In both protocols, records can only be processed when the entire record is available. The Record Layer might have four functions: It fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and reassemble incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer. It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer. It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to verify incoming data. It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data.   Application Protocol TLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protocol, TCP for example. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.   TSL/ SSL Security The client may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA. The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas. The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stops if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period.   IPSec IPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices (peers), such as PIX Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any specific encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a framework of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implemented without patching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of hosts, or a gateway and a host. Some of the standard algorithms are as follows: Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm—Used to encrypt and decrypt packet data. 3DES algorithm—effectively doubles encryption strength over 56-bit DES. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)—a newer cipher algorithm designed to replace DES. Has a variable key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms. Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm—Used to authenticate packet data. Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)—Used to authenticate packet data. Diffie-Hellman (DH)—a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel. IPSec security services provide four critical functions: Confidentiality (encryption)—the sender can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a network. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read. Data integrity—the receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way. Origin authentication—the receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information. Anti-replay protection—Anti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not duplicated. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the received packets and a sliding window on the destination host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped. v How IPSec works The goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five primary steps: Define interesting traffic—Traffic is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected. IKE Phase 1—This basic set of security services protects all subsequent communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers. IKE Phase 2—IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints. Data transfer—Data is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database. IPSec tunnel termination—IPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out. TASK 1(b) IPSecs advantage over TLS: It has more plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms (like the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with tools, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, regardless of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP network. Nothing has to be rewritten or modified; it even is possible that users wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution is the most transparent one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands several components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carri ed out by network administrators, and it is less likely to be adopted directly by end users. TLSs advantage over IPSec: The advantage of TLS over generic application-level security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of encrypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The problem with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applications we use everyday: mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sharing systems and so on. Also, most network services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over plain sockets, exchanging vital information as clear text and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums).   IGMP IGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and adjacent multicast network devices to identify their memberships. If they are part of the same multicast group they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many.   Establish Multicast group We describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the Unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consi stency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once) The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A routing table is required for static routing. Dynamic routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is entered: Interface Specify the network card that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from. Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0. Network Mask The subnet mask of the destination network. Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1. Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network.   Dynamic Routing Windows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 supported Dynamic routing protocols are: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IP Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support. The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynamic routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces.   Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.   The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecture: maintains the traditional IP multicast service model of receiver-initiated membership; can be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristics; is not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocol; uses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics. The robustness, flexibility, and scaling properties of this architecture make it well suited to large heterogeneous inter-networks. This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occas ionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group. A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam; send an email message to another internet connected pc user beryl. 1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be involved be involved in this task. . : 1. Adams Computer : :2. Server of Adams Internet Service Provider : : 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider: :4. Beryls Computer : . This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to create modified messages from predefined templates while sending. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, HTML or even create a rich content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard. E-mail is a growing source of an enterprises records and needs to be treated as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from interactions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas. 2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task. Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol called Transport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient. . : 1. HTTP : :2. IMAP(Version 4): : 3.SMTP : :4.POP (Version 3) : .   HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 [6], improved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of MIME-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics.   IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that provides management of received messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and search contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol.   POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service.   SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail. 3. Taking the case that the message include the text please find attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages. .. : 1. MIME : ..   MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type. Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate player application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files). 4. How would received message differ the sent messages? The email address that receives messages sent from users who click  ¿Ã‚ ½reply ¿Ã‚ ½ in their email clients. Can differ from the  ¿Ã‚ ½from ¿Ã‚ ½address which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list.  ¿Ã‚ ½Reply-to ¿Ã‚ ½ should always be a monitored address.   IPv4: Internet Protocol (Version 4) The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the primary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications. IP (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through a network; and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. Each IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts: the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as nece ssary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator.   IPv6 (IPng): Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) instead of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in separate documents. IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like: 3ffe: ffff: 100:f101:210:a4ff:fee3:9566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4: * Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future.  · Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service.   Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4 Data structure of IPv6 has modified as follows: Header length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6. Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6. Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6. Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length field Protocol field has been replaced with Next Header field Source Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits.   Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4 Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 broadcast does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services.   Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4 IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network: Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space. IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa: The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams ICMP: IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are stricter. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also. Absence of ARP RARP: Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)   TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY TLS is a successor to Secure Sockets Layer protocol. TLS provides secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains significantly the same. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS resides on the Application Layer of the OSI model. This will save you a lot of frustrations while debugging and troubleshooting encryption troubles connected to TLS.   TLS Features TLS is a generic application layer security protocol that runs over reliable transport. It provides a secure channel to application protocol clients. This channel has three primary security features: Authentication of the server. Confidentiality of the communication channel. Message integrity of the communication channel. Optionally TLS can also provide authentication of the client. In general, TLS authentication uses public key based digital signatures backed by certificates. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a secret encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key. The client authenticates by signing a random challenge. Server certificates typically contain the servers domain name. Client certificates can contain arbitrary identities.   The Handshake Protocols The TLS Handshake Protocol allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is exchanged. In a typical scenario, only the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured while the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients. Provide security parameters to the record layer. A Client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods. The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol version, a random number, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client. The Server sends its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this may be omitted by the Server). The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection can be mutually authenticated, using a Certificate Request. The Server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation. The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher). The Handshake protocol provides a number of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms  · Authentication A certificate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a certification authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial number, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake Protocol uses an X.509 certificate to provide strong evidence to a second party that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the corresponding private key.  · Encryption There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key (also known as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for bulk encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange.  · Hash Algorithms A hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller set of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the original message and the hash is unique to the original data. A hash is similar to a fingerprint: a fingerprint is unique to the individual and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is used to establish data integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms are Message Digest5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value.   The Change Cipher Spec The Change Cipher Spec Protocol signals a transition of the cipher suite to be used on the connection between the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and compressed with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this will be encrypted and compressed using the new cipher suite.   The Alert The Alert Protocol includes event-driven alert messages that can be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the application.   The Record Layer/Protocol The TLS record protocol is a simple framing layer with record format as shown below: struct { ContentType type; ProtocolVersion version; uint16 length; opaque payload[length]; } TLSRecord; As with TLS, data is carried in records. In both protocols, records can only be processed when the entire record is available. The Record Layer might have four functions: It fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and reassemble incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer. It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer. It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to verify incoming data. It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data.   Application Protocol TLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protocol, TCP for example. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.   TSL/ SSL Security The client may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA. The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas. The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stops if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period.   IPSec IPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices (peers), such as PIX Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any specific encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a framework of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implemented without patching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of hosts, or a gateway and a host. Some of the standard algorithms are as follows: Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm—Used to encrypt and decrypt packet data. 3DES algorithm—effectively doubles encryption strength over 56-bit DES. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)—a newer cipher algorithm designed to replace DES. Has a variable key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms. Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm—Used to authenticate packet data. Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)—Used to authenticate packet data. Diffie-Hellman (DH)—a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel. IPSec security services provide four critical functions: Confidentiality (encryption)—the sender can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a network. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read. Data integrity—the receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way. Origin authentication—the receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information. Anti-replay protection—Anti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not duplicated. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the received packets and a sliding window on the destination host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped. v How IPSec works The goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five primary steps: Define interesting traffic—Traffic is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected. IKE Phase 1—This basic set of security services protects all subsequent communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers. IKE Phase 2—IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints. Data transfer—Data is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database. IPSec tunnel termination—IPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out. TASK 1(b) IPSecs advantage over TLS: It has more plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms (like the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with tools, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, regardless of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP network. Nothing has to be rewritten or modified; it even is possible that users wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution is the most transparent one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands several components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carri ed out by network administrators, and it is less likely to be adopted directly by end users. TLSs advantage over IPSec: The advantage of TLS over generic application-level security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of encrypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The problem with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applications we use everyday: mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sharing systems and so on. Also, most network services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over plain sockets, exchanging vital information as clear text and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums).   IGMP IGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and adjacent multicast network devices to identify their memberships. If they are part of the same multicast group they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many.   Establish Multicast group We describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the Unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consi stency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once) The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A routing table is required for static routing. Dynamic routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is entered: Interface Specify the network card that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from. Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0. Network Mask The subnet mask of the destination network. Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1. Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network.   Dynamic Routing Windows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 supported Dynamic routing protocols are: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IP Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support. The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynamic routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces.   Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.   The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecture: maintains the traditional IP multicast service model of receiver-initiated membership; can be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristics; is not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocol; uses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics. The robustness, flexibility, and scaling properties of this architecture make it well suited to large heterogeneous inter-networks. This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occas ionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group. A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam; send an email message to another internet connected pc user beryl. 1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be involved be involved in this task. . : 1. Adams Computer : :2. Server of Adams Internet Service Provider : : 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider: :4. Beryls Computer : . This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to create modified messages from predefined templates while sending. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, HTML or even create a rich content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard. E-mail is a growing source of an enterprises records and needs to be treated as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from interactions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas. 2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task. Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol called Transport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient. . : 1. HTTP : :2. IMAP(Version 4): : 3.SMTP : :4.POP (Version 3) : .   HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 [6], improved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of MIME-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics.   IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that provides management of received messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and search contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol.   POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service.   SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail. 3. Taking the case that the message include the text please find attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages. .. : 1. MIME : ..   MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type. Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate player application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files). 4. How would received message differ the sent messages? The email address that receives messages sent from users who click  ¿Ã‚ ½reply ¿Ã‚ ½ in their email clients. Can differ from the  ¿Ã‚ ½from ¿Ã‚ ½address which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list.  ¿Ã‚ ½Reply-to ¿Ã‚ ½ should always be a monitored address.   IPv4: Internet Protocol (Version 4) The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the primary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications. IP (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through a network; and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. Each IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts: the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as nece ssary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator.   IPv6 (IPng): Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) instead of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in separate documents. IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like: 3ffe: ffff: 100:f101:210:a4ff:fee3:9566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4: * Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future.  · Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service.   Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4 Data structure of IPv6 has modified as follows: Header length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6. Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6. Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6. Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length field Protocol field has been replaced with Next Header field Source Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits.   Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4 Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 broadcast does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services.   Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4 IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network: Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space. IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa: The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams ICMP: IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are stricter. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also. Absence of ARP RARP: